World-best benchmarks
Every figure links to its public source. Nothing on this page is estimated or invented.
Tomato yield.
Kilograms per m² per year, from record Dutch glasshouses to India's national open-field average.
| Operation | Yield | Source |
|---|---|---|
| BASF Nunhems, Netherlands (2020/21, Provine truss tomato) | 121 kg/m² | hortidaily.com (source for BASF Nunhems, Netherlands (2020/21, Provine truss tomato), opens in a new tab) |
| GreenQ LED trial, Netherlands | 100.6 kg/m² | hortidaily.com (source for GreenQ LED trial, Netherlands, opens in a new tab) |
| Houweling (Kubo UltraClima), USA | over 100 kg/m² | edepot.wur.nl (source for Houweling (Kubo UltraClima), USA, opens in a new tab) |
| WUR diffuse glass + hybrid lighting trial | 83–89 kg/m² | research.wur.nl (source for WUR diffuse glass + hybrid lighting trial, opens in a new tab) |
| India national open-field tomato, 2023-24 | 25.1 t/ha (2.5 kg/m²) | indianagri.com (source for India national open-field tomato, 2023-24, opens in a new tab) |
48×The best published greenhouse yield is 48 times India's open-field average. Most of that gap is technology: climate, light, water and how the crop is managed.
By system.
15 published figures across 10 systems. Each system is held to the best one on its row.
| System | Benchmark | Source |
|---|---|---|
| CLMClimate control | Kubo UltraClima (Houweling, US): first commercial greenhouse to harvest more than 100 kg/m² of tomato on a large scale | source (opens in a new tab) |
| CLMClimate control | UltraClima supplier claim: 15–35% lower energy use and 25–50% lower CO₂ use | source (opens in a new tab) |
| SNSSensing | Climate control systems hold 34.7% of greenhouse-automation revenue (report estimate, 2025) | source (opens in a new tab) |
| FRTIrrigation & fertigation | Drip irrigation: 95–100% water-use efficiency, against 80–85% for sprinklers and 60–70% for flood (Netafim) | source (opens in a new tab) |
| FRTIrrigation & fertigation | India: polyhouse with drip uses 35.2% less water for capsicum (IIT Kharagpur) | source (opens in a new tab) |
| LGTLighting | DLC Horticultural V4.0 requires at least 2.5 µmol/J (applications from Apr 2025) | source (opens in a new tab) |
| LGTLighting | GreenQ trial: 100.6 kg/m² of tomato under LED top-light and inter-light | source (opens in a new tab) |
| HYDHydroponics & vertical | Spread Techno Farm Keihanna (Japan): 30,000 lettuce heads a day, 90% of water recycled | source (opens in a new tab) |
| HYDHydroponics & vertical | Spread: 50% lower labour cost from full automation, compared with its Kameoka plant | source (opens in a new tab) |
| ROBRobotics & harvest | Dutch validation robot: picked nearly 90% of eligible tomato clusters at about 33 s per cluster (WUR) | source (opens in a new tab) |
| DRNDrones & logistics | India agricultural-drone market: USD 182.94 million in 2025 (Mordor Intelligence) | source (opens in a new tab) |
| CLDPost-harvest & cold chain | India: tomato post-harvest loss 11.61%, the highest of 14 vegetables studied (NABCONS 2022) | source (opens in a new tab) |
| NRGEnergy & CO₂ | Dutch growers: 60–100 kg/m² of tomato on 20 m³ of gas per m², about half the gas used 10–20 years earlier | source (opens in a new tab) |
| NRGEnergy & CO₂ | WUR trial: 83–89 kg/m² of tomato on only 30 kg CO₂/m² | source (opens in a new tab) |
| WTRWater | Tomato water use: 22 L/kg with open irrigation, 15 L/kg in a closed hydroponic system, about 4 L/kg in a fully closed greenhouse (WUR) | source (opens in a new tab) |
Market-size reports for greenhouse automation range from USD 3.2 B to 3.8 B for 2025 (MarketIntelo, DataIntelo). Use them for direction only.